The Crown imagines the relationship between the late Queen and her four children. What was she like as a mother in real life?

Ahead of the final season of The Crown, we’re republishing this story on what the Queen was like as a mother.

Queen Elizabeth II became a mother more than 75 years ago, when she welcomed her first son King Charles in 1948. Next, the Queen gave birth to Princess Anne in 1950, just three years before she was thrust into one of the most prominent positions in the world as the reigning monarch of Great Britain and head of the Commonwealth.

After her first two children, Queen Elizabeth II waited more than a decade before having more—she was busy being Queen after all. She and Prince Philip welcomed their third child, Prince Andrew, in 1960, and their youngest, Prince Edward, in 1964.

Here’s what we know about the Queen’s relationship with each of her kids.

King Charles

The relationship between the Queen and her heir was long a source of much fascination and debate. The monarch’s official royal duties began while her first two children were still quite young—she and Philip famously embarked on a six-month Commonwealth tour soon after her coronation, leaving Charles and Anne at home in England—and she was part of a generation and class that routinely left the daily care of small children in the hands of household staff.

This has led to suggestions that Charles did not form as strong a bond with his mother as he did with nannies and his beloved grandmother.

Princess Elizabeth, Duke Of Edinburgh And Prince Charles (1949)

According to historian Robert Lacey, who also served as an advisor for The Crown and is the author of The Crown: The Official Companion, the Queen believed it was better to leave the children in the care of nannies, rather than drag them around the world. “She had been brought up in that style herself, after all, with her parents leaving her at home and entrusting her entire schooling to a governess and home tutors,” he told Town & Country.

Hearst Home Town & Country: The Queen: A Life in Pictures

In his controversial 1994 authorized biography of Prince Charles, Jonathan Dimbleby quotes the Prince of Wales saying it was “inevitably the nursery staff” who taught him to play, witnessed his first steps, and punished and rewarded him.

And in her recent biography of Prince Charles, Sally Bedell Smith shares a similar view. “When Elizabeth became Queen on the death of her father, her dedication to her duties meant even less time for her children,” the historian wrote. “She relied increasingly on her husband to make the major family decisions and she depended on the nannies to supervise the daily lives.” Bedell Smith added that the Queen and Duke saw the children after breakfast and teatime, but “in the manner of the upper class, neither of them were physically demonstrative.”

Of course, Prince Charles also had the added tension of being his mother’s heir. He can only take on the position of King once his mother dies, creating a unique dynamic between parent and child, which few can understand.

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Prince Charles watches his mother’s coronation in Westminster Abbey flanked by his grandmother, the Queen mother, and his aunt Princess Margaret.

Prince Charles was also very close to his grandmother, the Queen Mother, and she reportedly doted on him. In 2013, private letters revealed that she had tried to persuade her daughter and son-in-law to send young Charles to Eton, which was closer to London, rather than send him to Gordonstoun School in Scotland, where he was eventually educated.

At the Queen Mother’s funeral in 2002, Prince Charles delivered an emotional tribute: “For me, she meant everything and I had dreaded, dreaded this moment along with, I know, countless others. Somehow, I never thought it would come. She seemed gloriously unstoppable and, since I was a child, I adored her.”

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Princess Anne

The Queen’s only daughter has publicly opposed the conventional wisdom that her mother was not as caring or involved as she perhaps should have been. “I simply don’t believe there is any evidence what so ever to suggest that she wasn’t caring. It just beggars belief,” Anne said during a characteristically sharp-tongued 2002 interview with the BBC to mark the Queen’s Golden Jubilee.

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Charles, Philip, Anne, and Elizabeth when Anne was a baby.

According to Lacey, Anne grew close to her mother as a teenager. “Princess Anne and the Princes Andrew and Edward have all made public their disagreement with Charles in his criticism of the parenting they received. With her love of horses, Anne developed an especially close relationship with her mother during her teenage years, giving her advice about fashion and clothes,” he said.

Selected Originals – Royal Family On Holiday Aka Queen, Duke And Children (1955)

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Anne isn’t the only one who offered proof of her mother’s motherly warmth. Lacey notes that Lord Mountbatten, Prince Philip’s uncle, once said that the Queen’s favorite night of the week was “Mabel’s night off” (Mabel was the nanny to both Charles and Anne as children). “When nanny Mabel was off duty, Elizabeth could kneel beside the bath, bathe her babies, read to them and put them to bed herself,” he added.

Prince Andrew

There is an almost 12-year gap between the Queen and Duke’s first and third children, Charles and Andrew. By the time Andrew was born in 1960, the Queen had been on the throne for eight years, and, as Lacey notes, “evidence suggests she became warmer and more flexible as time went by.” She also stepped back from her royal duties to spend more time with her young children.

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The Queen playing with Princes Edward and Andrew in June, 1965

“Early in the 1960s, Her Majesty decided that she had done her duty by her country, and took the best part of eighteen months off work to produce and enjoy her ‘second family,’ the young princes Andrew and Edward, born in 1960 and 1964 respectively,” says Lacey.

In footage, shot in 1960s, the Queen was filmed on holiday in Balmoral, Scotland doting on seven-month-old Prince Andrew.

Royal Family On Holiday: Balmoral Castle (1960) | British Pathé

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In recent years, Andrew’s place within the royal family—and, likely, his relationship with his mother—have been complicated by his ties to Jeffrey Epstein, as well as Virginia Roberts Giuffre’s accusations against him. (He has denied any accusation of sexual impropriety.) In the fall of 2019, following a wave of criticism over Andrew’s televised interview about Epstein, the Prince announced he would “step back from public duties for the foreseeable future.” However, the Queen stayed by his side, riding horses at Windsor and attending church alongside him, signaling that she still considers Prince Andrew a part of the family, even though he is no longer a working royal.

Prince Edward

The Queen’s youngest child was born just a few years later in 1964. In the late 1960s, the royal family allowed cameras into their home for a BBC documentary and the British people got to see their Queen as a “playful mother relaxing with her children,” said Lacey. This documentary makes an appearance in season three of the Netflix series, The Crown. The program included footage of the Queen sweetly holding her youngest son’s hand while the family took a walk around the grounds of Windsor Castle.

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Selected Originals – The Royal Family (1968)

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Queen Elizabeth maintained an especially close relationship with her fourth child. In advance of her 90th birthday celebrations, Prince Edward and his wife Sophie, Countess of Wessex, told Sky News that they continue to spend time with the Queen and Duke of Edinburgh most weekends and that she is actively a part of her grandchildren’s lives.

“Today Elizabeth II enjoys life as a mother, grandmother and great-grandmother,” Lacey said. (Upon her passing, the Queen had eight grandchildren and twelve great-grandchildren.) “She clearly delights in the time she can spend with her family, and she seems to be anything but emotionally reserved.

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The Queen and Duke of Edinburgh with their children in 2007 to mark their diamond wedding anniversary

“Would she have mothered her children differently if she had the chance? As one of her close friends has said, the Queen was rather scared of parenting when she started out—she’d not been taught it by her own mother. But as she grew into the job, her successive children helped remove her fears,” says Lacey.

Indeed, in 2012, when Kate Winslet was awarded with a CBE, she told the Queen she “loves being a mum” even more than being an actress, to which the Queen reportedly replied: “Yes. That’s the only job which matters.”